https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/course-summary- https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4803.mp4 Course Summary Completing Your Course and Taking the Test with ProTrainings Congratulations on completing your course! Before taking the test, review the student resources section and refresh your skills. Student Resources Section Free student manual: Download your manual and other resources. Additional links: Find helpful websites to support your training. Eight-month access: Revisit the course and view any new videos added. Preparing for the Course Test Before starting the test, you can: Review the videos Read through documents and links in the student resources section Course Test Guidelines No time limit: Take the test at your own pace, but complete it in one sitting. Question format: Choose from four answers or true/false questions. Adaptive testing: Unique questions for each student, with required section passes. Retake option: Review materials and retake the test if needed. After Passing the Test Once you pass the test, you can: Print your completion certificate Print your Certified CPD statement Print the evidence-based learning statement Additional ProTrainings Courses ProTrainings offers: Over 350 courses at regional training centres or your workplace Remote virtual courses with live instructors Over 300 video online and blended courses Contact us at 01206 805359 or email support@protrainings.uk for assistance or group training solutions. Thank you for choosing ProTrainings and good luck with your test! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8553/Course_Summary-01.jpg Yes 127 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/course-introduction-diabetes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4339.mp4 Course Introduction Welcome to the ProTrainings Diabetes Awareness Course Course Overview Welcome to this ProTrainings video online Diabetes Awareness Course. In this course, you will learn about diabetes, the different types of diabetes, and recommended treatments. Course Structure Throughout this course, you will: Watch a series of informative videos Answer knowledge review questions Complete a final test You can start and stop the course as often as you wish and return exactly where you left off. You can also re-watch any of the videos at any time during and after the course. Accessibility The course can be viewed on any device, allowing you to start on your computer and finish on your smartphone or tablet. Each page includes text to support the video content, and subtitles are available by clicking the CC icon. Support and Resources Additional help is available if you initially answer any questions incorrectly. Upon passing the test, you will receive your completion certificate, Certified CPD statement, and evidence-based learning statement, all available for print. Various resources and links are accessible from the course homepage to support your training. We continually update our courses, so check back regularly for new material. You will have access to the course for eight months from the start date, even after passing the test. Company Solutions We offer free company dashboards for those responsible for staff training. For more information on our company solutions, please contact us via email, phone, or online chat. Ongoing Support This online course provides complete support throughout your training. You will receive a weekly email every Monday to keep your skills fresh and inform you of any new videos added to the course. These emails also include news from our blog, and you can choose to receive or stop them at any time. We hope you enjoy the course and thank you for choosing ProTrainings. Good luck! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7773/Course_Introduction-01.jpg Yes 122 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/course-overview-diabetes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4355.mp4 Course Overview Course Outline for ProTrainings Diabetes Awareness Introduction Before we begin, let's review what will be covered during this training. The course is divided into several categories, each containing a series of videos. You can pause and re-watch any video at any time. Our courses are regularly updated, and you will have access to new or replacement videos as they are released. Support and Contact Information Although this is an online course, we are here to help if you have any questions. You can contact us by: Phone: 01206 805359 Email: support@protrainings.uk Online chat facility on any of our sites More information can also be found at protrainings.uk. Course Content Overview You will work through the videos in order. Here is a summary of what will be covered: 1. Introduction to Diabetes We will start with a brief overview of what diabetes is, followed by some facts, figures, and myths surrounding the condition. 2. The Science of Diabetes This section covers the science behind diabetes, including why our bodies need sugar to function and what happens when we receive too much or too little sugar. 3. Types of Diabetes We will delve deeper into the different types of diabetes and explore what happens when things go wrong in the body. 4. Treatment Options The final section will cover the various treatment options available for diabetes. You will also hear firsthand from someone living with diabetes, sharing their experiences and insights. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7775/Course_Overview-01.jpg Yes 82 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/why-is-glucose-so-important https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4342.mp4 Why is Glucose So Important? The Role of Glucose in Aerobic Respiration and Life Processes What Are Blood Sugar Levels? Blood sugar levels refer to the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. Glucose, with the chemical formula C6H12O6, exists in two forms: Alpha Glucose and Beta Glucose. The Importance of Glucose Glucose is essential for proper bodily function as it is the main reactant in aerobic respiration, alongside oxygen. New supplies of glucose are constantly needed, which is why we breathe continuously to regenerate this supply. Respiration: A Key Characteristic of Life Respiration is one of the seven key characteristics of life, remembered by the mnemonic MRS GREN: Movement Respiration Sensitivity Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition At least four of these characteristics are related to glucose uptake and use, which are critical in understanding diabetes. The Process of Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration involves four main stages: Glycolysis The Link Reaction The Krebs Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Another type of respiration, anaerobic respiration, occurs when oxygen is not present. Reactants in Respiration While other reactants like fats and proteins can be used, glucose is the most common starting reactant in aerobic respiration. This is because it does not produce harmful by-products and is used by most living organisms, including animals, plants, and bacteria. Products of Aerobic Respiration The main products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water. Additionally, this process generates numerous molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an unstable molecule that serves as the energy source for many bodily functions. The Efficiency of ATP Production One molecule of glucose produces 38 molecules of ATP during aerobic respiration, making it a highly efficient process. In contrast, anaerobic respiration produces only 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule, highlighting the importance of a constant oxygen supply. The Role of ATP ATP provides energy for vital bodily processes such as digestion, cell division, and muscle contractions, allowing movement. Glucose supplies the energy required for these processes, making it essential for life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7781/Why_is_Glucose_So_Important-01.jpg Yes 160 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/hyperglycaemia https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4344.mp4 Hyperglycaemia Understanding Hyperglycaemia: Causes, Symptoms, and Emergency Response What is Hyperglycaemia? Hyperglycaemia is the medical term for high blood glucose levels. According to the World Health Organisation, hyperglycaemia is defined as having blood glucose levels greater than 7.0 millimoles per litre when fasting, or greater than 11.0 millimoles per litre two hours after meals. Who is Affected? Hyperglycaemia most commonly affects people with diabetes, but it can also occur in individuals without the condition. Various factors other than eating can cause hyperglycaemia, including: Missing doses of medication Stress Infections or illness Overtreating hypoglycaemia Why is Hyperglycaemia Serious? Hyperglycaemia is classified as a medical emergency due to the potential for serious complications if not treated promptly. These complications include diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS), which will be discussed in more detail later. Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia include: Rapid but weak pulse Dry, warm skin Rapid breathing Extreme thirst Unlike hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia has a gradual onset of symptoms, which is a key way to differentiate between the two. Additionally, a person with hyperglycaemia may have sweet-smelling breath due to excess sugar in their system. First Aid Response First Aid for hyperglycaemia is limited. However, if you suspect someone is experiencing hyperglycaemia, you should call 999 immediately for emergency medical assistance. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7785/Hyperglycaemia-01.jpg Yes 105 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/type-2-diabetes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4347.mp4 Type 2 Diabetes Understanding Type 2 Diabetes: Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatment What is Type 2 Diabetes? Although the end result is similar, Type 2 diabetes is quite different from Type 1. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes desensitised to insulin. This type accounts for up to 90% of all diabetes cases. Risk Factors Certain ethnic backgrounds have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, including: Southern Asian Chinese African-Caribbean African People from these backgrounds are also more likely to develop the condition at a younger age, even if they were born in the UK. Having a close relative with Type 2 diabetes increases the likelihood of developing the condition. Additionally, being overweight or obese significantly raises the risk, which is why doctors often recommend dieting and exercise for those who are not at a healthy weight. Treatment Options Insulin Injections Treatment for Type 2 diabetes is more complex than for Type 1, as the body becomes desensitised to insulin. While some cases do require insulin injections, this is not the primary treatment method. Lifestyle Changes The main way to treat Type 2 diabetes is through lifestyle changes. By controlling sugar intake, individuals can maintain healthy blood glucose levels. This often involves a balanced diet and regular exercise. Medication Many people with Type 2 diabetes also take medication to lower their blood glucose levels. The most commonly used medication is metformin, although other medications may be prescribed depending on individual needs. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7791/Type_2_Diabetes-01.jpg Yes 95 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/hypoglycaemia https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4345.mp4 Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar) – Causes, Signs and Treatment The opposite of having high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) is having low blood sugar, known as hypoglycaemia. Like hyperglycaemia, it most commonly affects people with diabetes, but it can occur in anyone under certain conditions. What Is Hypoglycaemia? Hypoglycaemia occurs when a person’s blood glucose level falls below 4 millimoles per litre (mmol/L). It is more common in people with diabetes who are treated with insulin, but it may also develop due to: Prolonged fasting or skipping meals. Excessive alcohol consumption. Critical illness or severe underlying medical conditions. As with hyperglycaemia, untreated hypoglycaemia can be very dangerous. If not managed quickly, it can lead to seizures, coma or even death. The good news is that mild to moderate episodes are usually quick and simple to treat if recognised early. Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia typically has a very rapid onset, which can help distinguish it from hyperglycaemia, where symptoms usually develop more slowly. Common signs and symptoms of low blood sugar include: Noticeable changes in behaviour, such as irritability, confusion or unusual agitation. Hunger or a sudden strong desire to eat. Cold, sweaty or clammy skin. Rapid pulse but a normal breathing rate. Any combination of these symptoms, especially with a known history of diabetes, should raise suspicion of hypoglycaemia. Immediate First Aid for Hypoglycaemia While severe cases of hypoglycaemia may require emergency medical help, many mild to moderate episodes can be treated quickly and effectively. For Adults and Older Children People who are prone to hypoglycaemia, such as those with diabetes, are usually advised to carry a quick source of sugar with them at all times. This may include: Glucose gels. Glucose tablets. A quick-release high-sugar snack, such as a chocolate bar or a sugary drink. If symptoms of hypoglycaemia are present and the person is conscious and able to swallow safely: Give them a rapid-acting sugary food or drink as soon as possible. Wait around 10–15 minutes, then re-test their blood glucose level if they have a meter available. If their level is still low, repeat a quick source of sugar and monitor closely. If the person’s condition does not improve, if they become drowsy, confused, or lose consciousness, call the emergency services immediately. For Young Children In young children, if hypoglycaemia is suspected and they are conscious and able to swallow, you may give around half a teaspoon (about 2.5 grams) of sugar, for example: Placed carefully under the tongue, or Dissolved in a small amount of water if easier for the child to manage. Continue to observe the child closely and seek medical advice if there is no improvement or symptoms worsen. When to Call for Emergency Help You should call emergency medical services (999 in the UK) if: The person becomes unconscious or is difficult to rouse. They have a seizure. They are unable to swallow safely or keep food or drink down. There is no improvement after giving quick-acting sugar and waiting 10–15 minutes. Hypoglycaemia can be life-threatening if ignored, but with early recognition and prompt treatment, most episodes can be managed safely and effectively. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7787/Hypoglycaemia.jpg Yes 118 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/testing-blood-sugar https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4351.mp4 Testing Blood Sugar Monitoring Blood Glucose Levels: Managing Diabetes Effectively The Importance of Blood Glucose Monitoring Knowing the level of glucose in their blood allows individuals with diabetes to manage their condition more effectively. This monitoring provides greater control and helps detect early signs of hypo- or hyperglycaemia. Using Finger-Pricking Devices Finger-pricking devices are automatic tools used by people with diabetes to test their blood sugar. These devices use a lancet, a very short and fine needle, to pierce the skin and extract a blood sample. Preparation and Sterilisation Since the skin is a natural barrier against infection, it is crucial to sterilise both the site to be pierced and the lancet. An alcohol pad or wipe is typically used to clean the area beforehand. Collecting the Blood Sample Only one drop of blood is needed to test sugar levels. Initially, the process might be painful, but individuals quickly adapt. It's essential to use a new test strip each time to ensure the blood sample is fresh and uncontaminated. Tips for Blood Collection For some people, sitting down and lowering their hand can help if blood flow is restricted. This simple adjustment can make the process easier and more effective. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7799/Testing_Blood_Sugar-01.jpg Yes 86 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/gestational-diabetes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4349.mp4 Gestational Diabetes Understanding Gestational Diabetes: Management and Care What is Gestational Diabetes? Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes first identified during pregnancy. It occurs in roughly 4% of pregnancies and typically resolves after the baby is born. Management During Pregnancy Most cases of gestational diabetes are managed through diet and exercise. Only a few individuals require insulin to control their blood glucose levels. If insulin is necessary, it helps maintain healthy blood glucose levels throughout the pregnancy. Insulin Levels Insulin levels generally increase from the second trimester until the final month of pregnancy, when a slight decrease may be observed. Delivery Considerations Caesarean sections are more common in pregnancies affected by gestational diabetes to minimise the risk of complications. The timing of delivery is tailored to the mother's individual needs. In most cases, if the diabetes is well-managed, the pregnancy can continue to the full forty weeks. Post-Delivery Care After delivery, gestational diabetes typically resolves. However, it is important for all women to be reviewed by the gestational diabetes care team approximately six weeks postpartum to ensure their health and well-being. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7795/Gestational_Diabetes-01.jpg Yes 76 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/type-1-diabetes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4346.mp4 Type 1 Diabetes Understanding Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Hereditary Factors, and Treatment What is Type 1 Diabetes? Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition, meaning the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissue, perceiving it as harmful. In the case of Type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which are responsible for producing insulin. Impact on the Body As a result of this autoimmune attack, no insulin can be produced. This is problematic because insulin is necessary to regulate blood glucose levels and allow the body to store glucose. Without insulin, glucose levels in the bloodstream remain high. Unknown Causes The exact reason why the immune system attacks beta cells is still unknown. However, extensive research is ongoing to understand the underlying causes of this autoimmune response. Hereditary Factors Type 1 diabetes can be hereditary, but the chances of developing it are relatively low. If a close relative has Type 1 diabetes, there is about a 6% chance of developing the condition, compared to approximately 0.5% for those without a close relative with the condition. Treatment Options Pancreatic Transplant While a pancreatic transplant could theoretically cure Type 1 diabetes, it is rarely performed due to the risks associated with surgery and the long waiting list. Insulin Therapy The most common treatment for Type 1 diabetes is insulin therapy, typically administered via an insulin pump or injections. There are two main types of insulin administration: Long-acting insulin: Taken once or twice daily to provide the body with a steady supply of insulin regardless of food intake. Short-acting insulin: Taken after consuming food or drinks high in carbohydrates to manage blood glucose levels. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7789/Type_1_Diabetes-01.jpg Yes 112 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/diabetes-myths https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4341.mp4 Diabetes Myths Debunking Common Diabetes Myths: Facts and Awareness Introduction Given the prevalence of diabetes in today’s society, it’s inevitable that many myths surround the condition. Understanding the actual facts about diabetes can enhance your knowledge and awareness of how it affects people's lives. Myth 1: Type 1 Diabetes is Serious and Type 2 is Mild This is completely false. Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are serious conditions. The severity depends on how well the condition is managed. If not properly controlled, both types can lead to serious complications. Myth 2: Everyone with Diabetes Will Eventually Go Blind While diabetes is a leading cause of blindness in working-age adults in the UK, it is not inevitable. Many factors can be controlled to reduce the risk of eye damage, such as maintaining good blood sugar levels, regular eye exams, and a healthy lifestyle. Myth 3: Having Diabetes Means You Cannot Do Certain Jobs In most cases, this is simply not true. However, despite the Equality Act 2010, people with diabetes may still face restrictions in some areas of employment, such as the armed forces. Myth 4: You Can’t Play Sport if You Have Diabetes This myth is unfounded. People with diabetes are encouraged to engage in physical activity to maintain a healthy lifestyle. A notable example is Steve Redgrave, a multiple Olympic Gold Medal rower who has diabetes. Conclusion Understanding the facts about diabetes helps dispel common myths and promotes better awareness. It is important to recognise that with proper management and support, individuals with diabetes can lead healthy, active lives. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7779/Diabetes_Myths-01.jpg Yes 89 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/diabetic-ketoacidosis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4350.mp4 Diabetic Ketoacidosis Understanding Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis? Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious condition that occurs when blood glucose levels remain consistently high. The primary cause is insufficient glucose entering the body’s cells for respiration, prompting the body to use free fatty acids for energy instead. Causes and Mechanism When glucose is respired, it produces carbon dioxide and water. However, when free fatty acids are respired, they produce ketones, which are slightly acidic. These ketones lower the blood's pH, making it more acidic, leading to ketoacidosis. The term can be broken down as follows: Diabetic – Caused by diabetes Keto- – Involving ketones Acidosis – Blood becoming more acidic Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis The main symptom of DKA is increased thirst, as the body attempts to flush out ketones through urination. Other symptoms include frequent urination, nausea, abdominal pain, and fatigue. If not treated, ketoacidosis can lead to a coma, making early treatment essential. Detection and Treatment Ketones can be detected in the urine using test strips, which are available by prescription. If an individual discovers high levels of ketones in their urine, particularly if their blood glucose levels are also high, they should contact their doctor or diabetes specialist nurse immediately. Conclusion Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious condition requiring prompt attention. Regular monitoring of blood glucose and ketone levels can help prevent the onset of DKA and ensure timely treatment if necessary. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7797/Diabetic_Ketoacidosis-01.jpg Yes 108 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/what-is-diabetes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4340.mp4 What is Diabetes? Understanding Diabetes: Types, Diagnosis, and Prevalence What is Diabetes? Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a condition that affects blood sugar levels in an individual. The two main types of diabetes are Type 1 and Type 2. Although other types exist, they are much rarer. Types of Diabetes Diabetes is diagnosed by testing blood sugar levels. Technically, there are only diabetic and non-diabetic diagnoses, but there is a middle ground where diabetes appears to be developing, known as pre-diabetes. Hereditary Factors While most types of diabetes are not hereditary, an individual's DNA can influence the risk of developing the condition. Prevalence of Diabetes According to Diabetes UK, more than 5 million people could have diabetes in the UK by 2025. Currently, around 400 million adults worldwide are affected by diabetes. In the UK, someone is diagnosed with diabetes every two minutes, and more than 500 people with the condition die prematurely each week. One in 15 people in the UK have diabetes, and approximately 1 million people are living undiagnosed. Distribution of Diabetes Types 90% of people with diabetes have Type 2 8% have Type 1 2% have rarer types of diabetes Famous People with Diabetes Many famous individuals live with diabetes, including Nick Jonas, Theresa May, and Tom Hanks. Raising Awareness To raise awareness of diabetes, World Diabetes Day takes place on the 14th of November each year. Consider what you can do to help raise awareness and support those affected by diabetes. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7777/What_is_Diabetes-01-01.jpg Yes 105 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/how-is-glucose-stored-in-the-body https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4343.mp4 How is Glucose Stored in the Body? Glucose Storage and Conversion: The Role of Glycogen and Insulin in Diabetes How the Body Stores Glucose To ensure a constant supply of glucose for energy, our bodies store as much glucose as possible. This is achieved by converting small glucose molecules into long chains called glycogen. Digestion and Absorption After consuming food, our bodies digest it into its constituent molecules. These molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to where they are needed, including glucose, which is converted into glycogen for storage. Structure and Benefits of Glycogen Glycogen is a highly branched molecule, allowing it to be quickly converted back into glucose. Its compact structure makes it efficient for storage in small spaces. Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and skeletal muscles. The Conversion Process The conversion of glycogen to glucose occurs via the Second Messenger Model and is facilitated by the enzyme Glucagon. Conversely, the conversion of glucose into glycogen is enabled by the enzyme Insulin. Both enzymes are produced in the pancreas by cells in the Islets of Langerhans. Regulation of Blood Sugar Levels When blood sugar levels are too high, the body secretes more insulin; when they are too low, more glucagon is released. In diabetes, there are issues with insulin production or sensitivity: Type 1 Diabetes: The body does not produce insulin. Type 2 Diabetes: The body loses its sensitivity to insulin. The Importance of Monitoring Blood Sugar Due to insulin-related problems, individuals with diabetes need to regularly monitor their blood sugar levels. A non-diabetic person should have a blood glucose level of: 4.0 to 5.4 millimoles per litre when fasting Up to 7.8 millimoles per litre up to 2 hours after eating This frequent testing helps manage and maintain safe blood sugar levels. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7783/How_is_Glucose_Stored_in_the_Body-01.jpg Yes 127 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/diabetic-complications https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4348.mp4 Diabetic Complications Potential Complications of Diabetes: Risks and Prevention Increased Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke Untreated or poorly managed diabetes can lead to a wide range of health problems. Individuals with diabetes are up to five times more likely to develop heart disease or suffer a stroke. This increased risk is related to the intake of fatty and high-sugar foods. Atherosclerosis Prolonged high blood glucose levels increase the likelihood of atherosclerosis, a condition where blood vessels become clogged and narrowed by fatty substances. This can result in: Angina: Chest pain due to a reduced blood supply to the coronary arteries. Stroke: Caused when a build-up of fatty substances breaks off from an artery wall, travels to the brain, and causes a blockage. Nerve Damage Hyperglycaemia can lead to nerve damage. If this damage is limited to the peripheral nervous system (excluding the brain and spine), it is known as peripheral neuropathy. Other Complications Additional complications of diabetes include: Diabetic Retinopathy: Eye damage affecting the retina, leading to vision changes and potential blindness if untreated. Kidney Disease: Chronic kidney disease caused by high blood sugar damaging the kidney filters (nephrons). Foot Problems: Resulting from poor circulation and nerve damage. Sexual Dysfunction: Due to blood vessel and nerve damage. Diabetic Retinopathy The retina, a light-sensitive part of the eye, requires a constant blood supply provided by small blood vessels. High blood sugar levels can damage these vessels, leading to three stages of retinopathy: Early Stage: Tiny bleeds with minimal impact on vision. Intermediate Stage: More significant changes affecting vision. Advanced Stage: Formation of weak scar tissue and blood vessels, potentially leading to blindness. Early detection and lifestyle changes can prevent further deterioration. Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease is a long-term condition caused by diabetes, where high blood sugar damages the kidney's filtering units (nephrons). Symptoms include: Tiredness Shortness of breath Swollen ankles, feet, and hands Changes in urination patterns Blood in the urine Nausea Seek medical help if these symptoms occur alongside diabetes. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7793/Diabetic_Complications-01.jpg Yes 167 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/healthy-eating-and-exercise https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4353.mp4 Healthy Eating and Exercise Nutrition and Hydration for Managing Type 2 Diabetes The Importance of Nutrition and Hydration Nutrition and hydration are crucial for overall health, but they are especially important for individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Since their bodies have become desensitised to glucose, managing blood sugar levels requires more attention to diet and fluid intake. Managing Blood Sugar Levels In Type 2 diabetes, blood sugar levels build up and can only be removed gradually, either naturally at a slower rate or with the help of medications. Eating healthily can aid this process significantly. Limit the intake of high-sugar and high-fat foods and drinks. Instead of cutting them out abruptly, gradually reduce consumption and find healthier alternatives that are equally satisfying. The Role of Physical Activity While diet management is vital, physical activity also plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy blood glucose levels. Engaging in as little as 2.5 hours of activity per week can make a significant difference. This activity does not have to be strenuous sports; housework, gardening, or brisk walking are effective ways to get your heart rate up and improve overall health. Benefits of Weight Loss Losing weight can significantly reduce the strain on your body. Benefits include: Lower cholesterol levels Improved blood pressure Enhanced overall health and well-being https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7803/Healthy_Eating_and_Exercise-01.jpg Yes 94 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/libre-2-glucose-tester https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5025.mp4 Libre 2 Glucose tester Using the FreeStyle Libre 2 Glucose Tester: A Comprehensive Guide Introduction to the FreeStyle Libre 2 The Libre 2 glucose tester is a revolutionary device that differs from traditional finger prick testers. You wear a sensor and record the data on your mobile phone or a dedicated data reader. This allows for extensive monitoring of glucose levels throughout the day, enabling painless and frequent checks. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Continuous glucose monitoring helps manage diabetes more effectively by providing a 24-hour graph of glucose levels. It shows the impact of different choices and activities on your glucose levels. How It Works Sensor glucose readings are taken from the interstitial fluid, a thin layer of fluid surrounding the cells below your skin. The Libre 2 sensor glucose readings lag behind finger prick blood glucose readings by about 2.1 minutes for children and 2.4 minutes for adults. Although the readings from finger pricks and sensors may differ, both are accurate. It is still advisable to perform a finger prick test if you suspect hypoglycaemia. Applying the Sensor The Libre 2 sensor is applied to the back of the upper arm using a disposable device called an applicator. Here’s how to apply it: Select a site on the back of your upper arm, avoiding scars, moles, stretch marks, or injection sites. Wipe the site with the moist wipe provided in the pack. Peel the lid off the sensor pack and unscrew the applicator. Line up the mark on the applicator with the mark on the sensor pack. Press down firmly on a hard surface until it stops. Lift the sensor out of the pack; the applicator is now ready for use. Do not touch the sensor. Press the applicator over the site on your arm to release the sensor. Ensure the sensor is secure and dispose of the applicator and packaging. Follow the app instructions to register your sensor. After a short setup time, the sensor is ready to take your first reading. Taking Glucose Readings To obtain a glucose reading, perform a quick, painless 1-second scan with the reader or the FreeStyle LibreLink app on your mobile phone over the sensor. Each scan provides: Current glucose reading Last 8 hours of glucose history A trend arrow indicating if glucose is rising, falling, or stable The reader can even scan through clothing. You can set optional alarms in the app to alert you when your glucose readings are too high or too low. Sensor Replacement and Maintenance The sensors need to be replaced every 14 days, and the app will notify you when it's time for a replacement. Always read the instructions carefully and consult your medical professional if you have any questions. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8953/Libre_2_Glucose_tester-01.jpg Yes 228 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/testing-blood-sugar---live https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4383.mp4 Testing Blood Sugar - Live Managing Diabetes: Blood Glucose Testing and Insulin Administration Starting Blood Glucose Testing When I first began testing my blood glucose levels, it was a daunting task. The idea of pricking my finger with what I imagined was a huge needle was intimidating, but in reality, the needle is tiny. Sitting there, I would think, "I'll do it in a minute," but it doesn't hurt as much as you'd expect. Frequency of Testing I test my blood glucose levels two or three times a day. If I am experiencing a hypo or approaching a hyperglycaemic state, I test more frequently. Fingers can become sore, especially if you use the same pads repeatedly. I use my left hand since I'm right-handed, making it easier to handle the needle. It's a bit uncomfortable, but manageable. Overcoming the Fear of Injections Initially, I was very scared of injecting myself. At the hospital, they gave me a rubber ball to practise on. I inject into my stomach, though some prefer their legs. Injecting in the stomach is easier for me and doesn't really hurt. The idea that it stings is largely a myth; you get used to it quickly. Blood Glucose Testing Process This is my diabetes case: The device that measures blood glucose contains the needle for finger pricking. Insert a test strip into the device, which prepares itself automatically. Prime the needle, place it on your finger, and press the button to pierce the skin. Squeeze your finger to produce a drop of blood and apply it to the test strip. For instance, my reading came out at 7.8, a bit high. Ideally, it should be around 6. I'll monitor it throughout the day, test again after lunch, drink water, and use insulin if necessary to lower it. Using the Insulin Pen If I need to take insulin, this is the pen I use: Shake the pen to mix the insulin. Remove the needle cap and screw the needle onto the pen. Prime the pen to the required dosage, typically 50 units in the evening or 10 units for a daytime top-up. Inject into the stomach, pressing the button to deliver the insulin. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7943/Testing_Blood_Sugar_-_Live-01.jpg Yes 224 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/insulin-injections https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4352.mp4 Insulin Injections Insulin Injections for Diabetes Management: Sites, Techniques, and Alternatives Introduction to Insulin Injections Insulin injections are a common method used by some individuals with diabetes to administer insulin subcutaneously (under the skin). It is crucial to avoid injecting into muscles or veins, as this can affect how insulin is absorbed by the body. Main Injection Sites There are three primary sites for insulin injections: Stomach Buttocks Thighs Other sites, such as the arms, may also be recommended by a GP or diabetic specialist. Rotating Injection Sites It is important to rotate injection sites to ensure even absorption and to avoid skin complications. Each main site covers a wide area of skin, allowing for rotation within the site. Insulin Pump Therapy As an alternative to regular insulin injections, some individuals may use insulin pump therapy. This method provides a continuous flow of insulin into the bloodstream, eliminating the need for multiple daily injections. Monitoring Blood Glucose Levels Individuals with Type 1 diabetes need to have their blood glucose levels monitored regularly by a GP or a member of their diabetes care team. This monitoring ensures that the insulin dosage is correct and allows for adjustments if necessary. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7801/Insulin_Injections-01.jpg Yes 66 https://www.prodiabetesawareness.co.uk/training/video/living-with-diabetes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4354.mp4 Living With Diabetes - Di Living with Type 2 Diabetes: Di's Personal Story Introduction Hi, I am Di, and I have Type 2 diabetes. I discovered I was prone to diabetes about 30 years ago when I was prediabetic. I noticed I was always tired, so I went to the doctor and we caught it early. Initially, I managed it with diet, but it eventually progressed to diabetes, requiring different treatments. Daily Management of Type 2 Diabetes On a daily basis, diabetes doesn't affect me too much. I use two types of injections: exenatide and insulin. I take exenatide in the mornings and evenings with meals, along with various tablets. Before bed, I take an insulin shot. Diet and Lifestyle I admit, I am not as good at controlling my diet as I should be. My head knows what to do, but my heart sometimes gives in to temptation. Fortunately, occasional indulgences don't impact me significantly, though I might need a bit more insulin at night to balance my blood sugar levels. Planning for Outings When going out for the day, I plan my injections and tablets accordingly. I carry my second dose of exenatide and ensure I have what I need for my evening meal. It's a matter of finding a private spot to take my injection. Keeping my blood sugar levels stable means I don't need to carry extra supplies like glucose tablets, as I can usually find a chocolate bar if needed. Handling High and Low Blood Sugar When my blood sugar is low, I experience shakes and inner tremors. If it goes high, I get a very dry mouth. Immediate action is crucial to manage these symptoms. If my blood sugar remains high despite my efforts, I would seek medical assistance. Dietary Choices For breakfast, I prefer slow-release sugars like porridge. If needed, I have a banana mid-morning. I'm fortunate that my diabetes is manageable. I can generally eat what I want in moderation and deal with any consequences afterward. Monitoring and Reviews To manage my diabetes, I attend regular reviews. Initially every three months, now annually. This includes a full blood test, foot examination, weight check, and blood pressure monitoring. If my results aren't ideal, they might suggest a course, but I haven't needed that yet. Understanding from Others People often tell me what I can't have, like certain foods or drinks. However, I know my limits and manage accordingly. Living with diabetes for over 30 years, I've learned to control it so it doesn't significantly affect my lifestyle. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7941/Living_With_Diabetes_-_Di-01.jpg Yes 382